Alexander Goehr

born on 10/8/1932 in Berlin, Germany

Alexander Goehr

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Alexander Goehr (born 10 August 1932 in Berlin) is an English composer and academic.

Goehr was born in Berlin in 1932, the son of the conductor and Schoenberg pupil Walter Goehr. In his early twenties he emerged as a central figure in the Manchester School of post-war British composers. In 195556 he joined Oliver Messiaen's masterclass in Paris. Although in the early sixties Goehr was considered a leader of the avant-garde, his oblique attitude to modernism and to any movement or school whatsoever soon became evident. In a sequence of works including the Piano Trio (1966), the opera Arden Must Die (1966), the music-theatre piece Triptych (196870), the orchestral Metamorphosis/Dance (1974), and the String Quartet No. 3 (197576), Goehr's personal voice was revealed, arising from a highly individual use of the serial method and a fusion of elements from his double heritage of Schoenberg and Messiaen. Since the luminous 'white-note' Psalm IV setting of 1976, Goehr has urged a return to more traditional ways of composing, using familiar materials as objects of musical speculation, in contrast to the technological priorities of much present-day musical research.[1]

Life and works

Youth and studies

Alexander Goehr was born on 10 August 1932 in Berlin, and his family moved to Britain when he was only a few months old. Alexander came from an extremely musical family: his mother Laelia was a classically trained pianist, and his father was a Schoenberg pupil and pioneering conductor of Schoenberg, Messiaen (he conducted the UK premiere of the Turangalîla Symphony in 1953) and Monteverdi. As a child, Alexander grew up in a household permanently populated by composers, including Mátyás Seiber and Michael Tippett.

Although these premises point all too clearly to Goehrs future as a composer, his efforts as a composer were not much encouraged by his father, and he initially he proposed to study classics at Oxford University, but went instead to study composition at the Royal Manchester College of Music, with Richard Hall.

In his composition classes Goehr became friends with young composers Peter Maxwell Davies and Harrison Birtwistle and pianist John Ogdon, with whom he founded the New Music Manchester Group. A seminal event in Goehrs development was hearing the UK premiere of Messiaens Turangalîla Symphony, conducted by his father. The interest in non-Western music (for instance Indian raga) sparked by the meeting with Messiaens music combined with the interest in medieval modes shared with Peter Maxwell Davies and Harrison Birtwistle largely influenced Goehr's first musical imaginings. His first acknowledged compositions date from these years: Songs for Babel (1951) and the Sonata for Piano, Op. 2, which was dedicated to the memory of Prokofiev, who had died that year.

In 1955, Goehr left Manchester to go to Paris and study with Messiaen, and he remained in Paris until October 1956. The music scene of Paris would make a great impression on Goehr, who became good friends with Pierre Boulez and was involved in the serialist avant-garde movement of those years. Goehr experimented with Boulezs technique of bloc sonore, particularly in his first String Quartet of 195657. Boulez was a sort of mentor to Goehr in the late fifties, programming his new compositions in his concerts at the Marigny Theatre in Paris.

It was not meant to last. Eventually Goehrs sensibility parted from Boulezs serialism. What disturbed Goehr was mainly his perception that by the mid-fifties, serialism had become a cult of stylistic purity, modelling itself on the twelve-tone works of Anton Webern. Reference to any other music was forbidden and despised, and spontaneous choice replaced with the combinatorial laws of serialism:

Choice, taste and style were dirty words; personal style, one could argue, is necessarily a product of repetition, and the removal of repetition is, or was believed to be, a cornerstone of classical serialism as defined by Weberns late works [...] All this may well be seen as a kind of negative style precept: a conscious elimination of sensuous, dramatic or expressive elements, indeed of everything that in the popular view constitutes music.[2]

Return to the UK, 1956-1976

Upon his return to Britain, Goehr experienced a breakthrough as a composer with the performance of his cantata The Deluge in 1957 under his fathers baton. This is a big, ambitious work inspired by the writings of Sergei Eisensteinone of Goehrs many extra-musical sources of inspiration. The soundworld could be seen to have derived from the twelve-tone cantatas of Webern, but it implicitly strives for the imposing harmonic tautness and full sonority of Prokofievs Eisenstein cantatas. The genre of the cantata is one that Goehr would explore over and over again throughout his career.

Indeed, following the success of The Deluge, Goehr was commissioned a new cantata, Sutters Gold for choir, baritone and orchestra. However, the new work proved highly unpopular particularly with the singers, who found it impossibly difficult to perform. Indeed, the difficulty of performance is one of the reasons why Sutters Gold was dismissed by critics upon its performance at the Leeds festival in 1961. This débacle, however, had a constructive impact on Goehr: rather than dismissing criticism as the mere result of incompetence on the part of critics and performers, he genuinely faced the questions of the position of the avant-garde composer and his music:

If one wishes, one can just say that music has to be autonomous and self sufficient; but how to sustain such a view when people who sing for pleasure are deprived of true satisfaction in the performance of new work? [...] We can talk about music in terms of the ideas that inform it; we can talk about structure and techniques; we can talk about aesthetics or ethics or politics. But we have to remember that while all this, realistic or not, is of great importance to composers and to anyone who likes to follow what composers are doing, what is being discussed is not the music itself but the location of the music, the place where it exists.[3]

Despite this, Goehr continued to compose choral works. Encouraged by his friendship with the choral conductor John Alldis, who was strongly committed to new music, Goehr composed his Two Choruses in 1962, which used for the first time the combination of modality and serialism which was to remain his main technical resource for the next 14 years. His search for a model of serialism that could allow for expressive freedom led him to his famous Little Symphony, Op. 15 (1963). It is a memorial to Goehr's conductor/composer father, who had unexpectedly died, and it is based upon a chord-sequence subtly modelled upon (but not quoting) the "Catacombs" movement from Mussorgsky's Pictures at an Exhibition(Goehr senior had made a close harmonic analysis of this unusual movement).[4]

This flexible approach to serialism, integrating harmonic background with bloc sonore and modality is very representative of the type of writing that Goehr developed as an alternative to the strictures of total serialism. It is no coincidence that Boulezwho had earlier facilitated the performance of Goehrs musicrefused to programme Little Symphony: by 1963 Goehr had neatly departed from the style of his Parisian days.

The sixties also see Goehr founding the Wardour Castle Summer School with Peter Maxwell Davies and Harrison Birtwistle in 1964, and most importantly, the beginning of Goehrs preoccupation with opera and music theatre. In 1966 he wrote his first opera, Arden Must Die (Arden Muss Sterben), a thoroughly Brechtian setting of a Jacobean morality play which had uncomfortably contemporary political and social resonances. Goehrs striking setting of a text composed by Erich Fried in rhyming duplets makes the most of the idea of simple musical ideas that are continually distorted to a sinister and sarcastic effect.

In 1967 he founded the Music Theatre Ensemble, and in 1971 he completed a three-part cycle for music theatreTryptich made up of three works: Naboths Vineyard (1968) and Shadowplay (1970) were both explicitly written for Music Theatre Ensemble while the later Sonata about Jerusalem (1971) was commissioned by Testimonium, Jerusalem and performed by the Israel Chamber Orchestra and Gary Bertini.

The end of the sixties also sees the beginning of a string of prestigious academic appointments for Goehr. In 19689 he was composer-in-residence at the New England Conservatory of Music, Boston, and went on to teach at Yale University as an associate professor of music. Goehr returned to Britain as visiting lecturer at Southampton University (197071). This appointment was followed suit by a position as the West Riding Professor at Leeds University (19716). In 1976 Goehr was appointed professor of music at Cambridge University (1976) where he taught until his retirement in 1999. In Cambridge he became fellow of Trinity Hall.

1976-1996

The year of Goehrs appointment at Cambridge coincided with a turning point in his output. In 1976, Goehr wrote a famous white-note setting of Psalm IV. The simple, bright modal sonority of this piece marked a final departure from post-war serialism and a commitment to a more transparent soundworld. Goehr found a way of controlling harmonic pace by fusing his own modal harmonic idiom with the long abandoned practice of figured bassthus achieving a highly idiosyncratic fusion of past and present.

The output of the ensuing twenty years testified to Goehrs desire to use this new idiom to explore ideas and genres that had already become constant features of his work, such as the exploration of symphonic form: Goehr returned to symphonic form in his Sinfonia (1979) and Symphony with Chaconne (1987). Yet these years output is disseminated most notably with a great number of ambitious vocal scores.

A common feature of many of the vocal compositions of these years is the choice of subjects that function as allegories for reflection upon socio-political themes. The Death of Moses (1992) uses Moses angry refusal to die as an allegory for the destiny of the victims of the Holocaust; while the cantata Babylon the Great is Fallen (1979) and the opera Behold the Sun (1985)for which Babylon the Great can be considered to be a sketch studyboth explore the themes of themes of violent revolution via the texts from the Anabaptist uprising in Munster of 1543. There are also non-political works such as the Sing, Ariel, that recalls Messiaens stylized birdsong and sets a kaleidoscope of English poetry, and the opera Arianna (1995)written on a Rinuccini libretto for L'Arianna, a lost opera by Monteverdiis a typically idiosyncratic exploration of the soundworld of Italian Renaissance. Indeed, Goehrs engagement with Monteverdis music dates back to the cantata The Death of Moses, which he described as Monteverdi heard through Varèse.[5] Arianna is also the piece that most overtly displays Goehrs intent to turn his reinvention of the past into a musical process that the audience can hear and identify:

The impression I aim to create is one of transparency: the listener should perceive, both in the successive and simultaneous dimensions of the score, the old beneath the new and the new arising from the old. We are to see a mythological and ancient action, interpreted by a 17th-century poet in a modern theatre.[6]

1996-2009

Although the last ten years of Goehrs output have not received the generous coverage (both in terms of academic writing and frequency of performance) of his previous work, they arguably represent the most interesting of Goehrs compositional phases. This last decades output is heralded by the striking opera Kantan and Damask Drum of 1999, premiered at the Dortmund Opera. This opera consists in fact of two plays from the Japanese Noh theatre tradition, separated by a short kyogen humorous interlude. Typically for Goehr, the Japanese texts date back to the 15th century and have been adapted by the composer for setting. The lusciously tonal idiom does not indulge in orientalism, but rather the relationship between music and drama in Noh animates the whole work. Again, with Kantan and Damask Drum the search continues for an expressive synthesis; in this case, it is one of western and eastern, past and present.

In the following years, Goehr devoted himself almost exclusively to chamber music. This is perhaps a response to the difficulties he experienced in the staging of his operas: the limited amount of financial support needed for a chamber music performance allows for music and performance venues that stray off the beaten path while allowing the composer more control over the quality of the performance.[7] Through the chamber music medium Goehr gains an unprecedented rhythmic and harmonic immediacy, while his music remains ever permeable by the music and imagery of other times and places: the Piano Quintet (2000) and the Fantasie for cello and piano (2005) are haunted by rich sonorities of a thoroughly Ravel-like quality.

The set of piano pieces Symmetries Disorder Reach (2007) is a barely disguised baroque suite haunted by the spirit of early Berg. Marching to Carcassonne (2003) flirts with neoclassicism and Stravinsky, and Manere for violin and clarinet (2008), based on a fragment of medieval plainchant, is a typical foray into the art of musical ornament. Also written in 2008 is Since Brass nor Stone for string quartet and percussion (2008), a memorial to Pavel Haas. Inspired by a Shakespeare sonnet, from which it borrows its title, this work is representative of the inventiveness of Goehr's recent chamber work. One reviewer described the soundworld of the work as 'hiccupping fugal patterns overlaid with intricate, delicate percussion [...] a magical garden of dappled textures'[8] Goehr has recently returned to the operatic medium with the opera Promised End, based on Shakespeares King Lear, which will be performed in 2010 by English Touring Opera.[9]

Musical style

Eclecticism and synthesis

All of Goehrs works are, in one way or another, studies in the synthesis of several, different elements. This is already apparent in his breakthrough piece, The Deluge (195758), which is inspired by Eisensteins notes for a film based on a writing by Leonardo da Vinci; in other words Goehr writes music about a directors notes for a film based on the writings of a painter! Similarly, his inspiration for new compositions have ranged from the formal proportions of a late Beethoven Piano Sonata (Metamorphosis/Dance, 1973-4) to a painting by Goya (Colossus or Panic, 1990), to the sinister humour of Bertolt Brecht (Arden Must Die, 1966) or to the Japanese Noh theatre (Kantan and Damask Drum, 1999).[10]

Another red-thread element of The Deluge is that it takes its cue from an unfinished projectEisenstein never carried out this particular project. Goehr will return time and again to the idea of carrying out a synthesis of fragments or unfinished projects left by other artists, albeit in a metaphorical way: the cantata The Death of Moses resonates with Schoenbergs unfinished Moses und Aron; the opera Arianna (1995) is the setting of the libretto of a lost opera by Monteverdi; and the posthumously published prose fragments by Franz Kafka lurk behind Das Gesetz der Quadrille (1979), Sur terre en lair (1997) and Schlussgesang (1990).

From a strictly technical musical level, Goehrs endeavour has long been that of unifying the contrapuntal rigor and motivic workings of the First Viennese School and Second Viennese School with a strong sense of harmonic pacing and sonority. It is indicative that Goehr should go to Paris not only to attend the classes of Messiaen at the Paris Conservatoire, but also to study counterpoint and serialism with Schoenberg scholar and composer Max Deutsch; even more indicative is the anecdote that Deutsch threw Goehr out of his house upon hearing that the young man intended to study with Messiaen as well as with him. Goehrs indebtedness to Messiaen is very strong, as is apparent in Goehrs life-long commitment to modality as an integration to both serialism and to tonality, as well as his often bird-song inspired melodic writing, particularly in the cantata Sing, Ariel.

Engagement with the past

Goehrs interest in the musical past is far from an empty mannerism or a sign of musical conservatism, but rather an earnest, and constantly renewed exploration of his own musical roots. The music of the past does not hinder, in Goehrs view, the search for an innovative musical language:

In the composer's mind, vague memories fuse and grow into a new, conscious, creative idea. An artist is realated to the tradition from which he comes, and this bond has little to do with time or progress.[11]

This attitude is concisely expressed by Goehrs striking assertion that all art is new and all art is conservative.[11] Understood in this way, his musical imagination of the past can be traced to three fundamental sources:

Walter Goehr

Although Goehrs personal relationship to his father was not unproblematic, Walter Goehr had a determining influence on his son via his work as a conductor: the composers whose work Walter championedArnold Schoenberg, Claudio Monteverdi, Modest Mussorgsky, Olivier Messiaenfeature as a red-thread throughout Alexanders output. For instance, Goehrs Arianna uses the libretto of a lost opera by Monteverdi, Arianna abbandonata, and conjures up sonorities reminiscent of the Italian Renaissance. The quintet Five Objects Darkly (whose title is borrowed from a work by the painter Giorgio Morandi is a set of variations based on a musical fragment by Mussorgsky,[12] and the earlier Little Symphony uses the chordal structure of Mussorgskys Catacombs' from Pictures at an Exhibition as a harmonic backbone.[13]

Early twentieth-century modernist composers

Walter Goehr had studied with Schoenberg and was constantly surrounded by high calibre composers such as Seiber, Tippett, and others. Goehrs strong sense of indebtment to this generation, particularly to Schoenberg, had a lot to do with his ambivalent reaction to the Darmstadt School avant-garde of the fifties[14] (in which his friend and mentor Pierre Boulez was heavily involved).

Music of the baroque and classical tradition

Goehrs interest in these musics is surely part of his Schoenbergian heritage. Just like Schoenberg, Goehr refuses to view current composition as a practice that is independent of any musical tradition, but rather, he seeks in tradition the elements for the innovation of musical language. Alexanders search for a means of controlling structure and harmony in music led him in the late seventies to an innovating interpretation of the late baroque practice of figured bass in conjunction with his personal blend of modality and serialism. This is exemplified in his setting of Psalm IV and the ensuing correlated works: Fugue and Romanza on the notes of the fourth Psalm (1976 and 1977, respectively). Goehr is also committed to the reinvention of classical forms such as the Symphony, the classical Concerto, and the Baroque Suite (from his Suite Op. 11 of 1961 right up to Symmeteries Disorder Reach of 2007). Further sources of inspiration are the treatises on musical ornamentation by Carl Philip Emanuel Bach, and Monteverdi, whose synthesis of renaissance polyphony with the early baroque move towards homophony and the control of harmony clearly mirrors Goehrs own commitment to a harmonically expressive serialist practice.

Work list

Chronology

  • 1951, Songs of Babel,
  • 1952, Sonata for piano Op. 2
  • 1954, Fantasias for cl. and piano Op. 3
  • 1957, Capriccio for piano, op.6
  • 1957-8, The Deluge, op. 7
  • 1959 Variations for flute and piano, op.8,Four Songs from the Japanese, op.9, Sutter's Gold, op.10
  • 1956-57, String Quartet No. 1
  • 1959-61, Hecuba's Lament, op.12
  • 1961, Suite, op.11
  • 1961-2, Violin Concerto, op.13
  • 1962, Two Choruses, op.14
  • 1963, Virtutes, a cycle of nine songs and melodramas, Little Symphony, op.15, Little Music for Strings, op.16
  • 1964, Five Poems and an Epigram of William Blake, op.17, Three Pieces for Piano, op.18,
  • 1965, Pastorals, op.19
  • 1966, Piano Trio, op.20, Arden Muss Sterben (Opera) Op. 21
  • 1966-67,Warngedichte (for Mezzo and piano) Op. 22
  • 1967, Three Pieces from Arden must Die Op. 21a, String Quartet No. 2, op.23
  • 1968, Romanza for cello and orchestra, op.24, Naboth's Vineyard, op.25
  • 1969, Konzertstück, op.26,Nonomiya, op.27, Paraphrase for clarinet, op.28 Symphony in One Movement, op.29
  • 1970, Shadowplay, op.30, Concerto for Eleven, op.32
  • 1971, Sonata about Jerusalem, op.31
  • 1972, Piano Concerto, op.33
  • 1973-4, Chaconne for Wind, op.34
  • Lyric Pieces, op.35, Metamorphosis/Dance, op.36
  • 1976, String Quartet No. 3, op.37,Psalm IV, op.38a, Fugue on the Notes of Psalm IV, op.38b
  • 1977, Romanza on the Notes of Psalm IV, op.38c
  • 1979, Babylon the Great is Fallen (cantata) op.20,Chaconne for organ, op. 34a, Das Gesetz der Quadrille, op.41, Sinfonia, op.42
  • 1981, Deux Etudes, op. 43, Behold the Sun (dramatic scena), op.44a
  • 1985, Behold the Sun (Opera), ...a musical offering (J.S.B. 1985)... op.46, Two Imitations of Baudelaire, op.47
  • 1986, Symphony with Chaconne, op.48
  • 1988, Eve Dreams in Paradise, op.49,...in real time, op.50
  • 1990, Sing Ariel, op.51, String Quartet No. 4, op.52
  • 1992, The Death of Moses (cantata) op.53, Colossos or Panic for orchestra op.55
  • 1993, The mouse metamorphosed into a maid for unaccompanied voice, op. 54
  • 1995, Arianna, op. 58
  • 1996, Schlussgesang for orchestra op.61,Quintet "Five objects Darkly", op.62
  • 1997, Idées Fixes for ensemble op.63, Sur terre, en l'air, op.64
  • 1999, Kantan and Damask Drum
  • 2000, Piano Quintet, op. 69, Suite op.70
  • 2002, ...a second musical offering, op.71, ...around Stravinsky, op.72, Symmetry Disorders Reach for piano, op. 73
  • 2003, Marching to Carcassonne, op.74, Adagio (Autoporträt), op.75
  • 2004, Dark Days, op.76
  • 2005, Fantasie, op.77
  • 2006, Broken Lute, op.78
  • 2008, Since Brass, nor Stone...fantasy for string quartet and percussion op. 80, manere, duo for clarinet and violin op. 81, Overture for ensemble, op. 82
  • 2008-9, Promised End, opera in twenty-four preludes (scenes) to words from Shakespeare's King Lear, op. 83
  • 2009, Broken Psalm for mixed choir (SATB) and organ, op. 84
  • 2010, Turmmusik (Tower Music) for two clarinets, brass and strings with baritone solo, op. 85
  • 2011, When Adam Fell for orchestra

Suggested work list by genre

Chamber

  • Suite, op.11
  • String Quartet No. 3, op.37
  • ...a musical offering (J.S.B. 1985)..., op.46,
  • Quintet "Five objects Darkly", op.62
  • Idées Fixes for ensemble op.63
  • Since Brass, nor Stone...fantasy for string quartet and percussion op. 80

Vocal

  • The Deluge (cantata). op. 7
  • Psalm IV, op.38a,
  • Das Gesetz der Quadrille, op.41
  • Sing Ariel (cantata) op.51,
  • The Death of Moses (cantata) op.53

Orchestral

  • Little Symphony, op.15,
  • Metamorphosis/Dance, op.36
  • Sinfonia, op.42
  • Symphony with Chaconne, op.48
  • Colossos or Panic for orchestra op.55
  • Schlussgesang for orchestra op.61

Opera

  • Arden Must Die
  • Behold the Sun,
  • Arianna, op. 58
  • Kantan and Damask Drum
  • Promised End

Discography

Schott Music provides a full discography by work: Goehr discography

Writings

  • The Theoretical Writings of Arnold Schoenberg. Proceedings of the Royal Musical Association vol. 100 (197374), 8596.
  • Musical Ideas and Ideas about Music (London, 1978).
  • Finding the Key: Selected Writings of Alexander Goehr', ed. D. Puffett' (London: Faber and Faber, 1998).
  • 'Schoenberg and Karl Kraus: The Idea behind the Music' [University of Southampton lecture, 1983]. Music Analysis vol. 4 (MarchJuly 1985), 59-71.
  • 'The Composer and His Idea of Theory: A Dialogue'. Music Analysis vol. 11, No. 2-3 (July October 1992), 143-175.

Notable students

Composers

  • Thomas Adès
  • Julian Anderson
  • David Babcock
  • George Benjamin
  • Chen Yi
  • Francesco Cilluffo
  • Edward Cowie
  • David Froom
  • Ge Gengru
  • Anthony Gilbert
  • Robin Holloway
  • Silvina Milstein
  • Bayan Northcott
  • Geoffrey Poole
  • Gil Shochat
  • Roger Smalley
  • Jeremy Thurlow
  • Jack van Zandt
  • Michael Wolpe
  • Ye Xiaogang
  • Zhou Long

Musicologists

  • Nicholas Cook
  • Jonathan Dunsby
  • John Rink
  • Nicholas Williams

Notes

  1. from the profile of Alexander Goehr on the Cambridge University Music Faculty: http://www.mus.cam.ac.uk/external/people/academicstaff/goehr.html
  2. Alexander Goehr, A Letter to Pierre Boulez, in Finding the Key: Selected Writings of Alexander Goehr, edited by Derrick Puffett (London and Boston: Faber and Faber, 1998), 5.
  3. Alexander Goehr, A Letter to Pierre Boulez, in Finding the Key: Selected Writings of Alexander Goehr (London: Faber and Faber, 1998), 5.
  4. Alexander Goehr, Finding the Key, in Finding the Key: Selected Writings of Alexander Goehr (London: Faber and Faber, 1998), 291-292.
  5. Alexander Goehr, Programme note for The Death of Moses, BBC Proms 1992, Sunday 2 August 1992, p. 8.
  6. Alexander Goehr, Programme note for Arianna, The Royal Opera House September/October 1995.
  7. Interview given on 3 November 2007 for the BBC Music Matters Series.
  8. Geoff Brown, review of the premiere of Since Brass Nor Stone on 10 July 2008 in St Andrew Holborn, London; published on The Times, 16.07.08
  9. English Touring Opera's website
  10. Robin Holloway, 'Alexander Goehr at 70', in: Latham, Alison (ed.). 2003. Sing, Ariel: Essays and Thoughts for Alexander Goehr's Seventieth Birthday. With compact disc. Aldershot, England; Burlington, VT: Ashgate, pp. 34
  11. 11.0 11.1 Alexander Goehr, A Letter to Pierre Boulez, in Finding the Key: Selected Writings of Alexander Goehr (London: Faber and Faber, 1998), 21.
  12. Williams, Nicholas. 2001. "Goehr (2): (Peter) Alexander Goehr". The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed. S. Sadie and J. Tyrrell. London: Macmillan.
  13. Alexander Goehr, 'Finding the Key' in Finding the Key: Selected Writings of Alexander Goehr(London: Faber and Faber, 1998), 291-292
  14. Cf. 'I was originally attracted to serialism [...] But even as a student I felt a number of reservations. I couldn't share [Boulez's] attitude towards Webern [...]. Having been brought up in a very Schoenbergian household I preferred to see Webern's achievement as an extension of Schoenberg's ideals.'. Alexander Goehr, A Letter to Pierre Boulez, in Finding the Key: Selected Writings of Alexander Goehr (London: Faber and Faber, 1998),

References

  • Goehr, Alexander. 1998. Finding the Key: Selected Writings of Alexander Goehr, edited by Derrick Puffett. London and Boston: Faber and Faber. ISBN 0-571-19310-2
  • Latham, Alison (ed.). 2003. Sing, Ariel: Essays and Thoughts for Alexander Goehr's Seventieth Birthday. With compact disc. Aldershot, England; Burlington, VT: Ashgate. ISBN 0-7546-3497-3
  • Williams, Nicholas. 2001. "Goehr (2): (Peter) Alexander Goehr". The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed. S. Sadie and J. Tyrrell. London: Macmillan.

External links

This page was last modified 20.05.2012 08:36:16

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